Section 115 of IEA : Section 115: Estoppel.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi owns a piece of land and tells his friend, Suresh, that he has the right to build a house on it. Suresh, believing Ravi, spends a significant amount of money constructing a house. Later, Ravi tries to claim that he never had the right to allow Suresh to build on the land. Under Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act, Ravi is estopped from denying that he had the right to allow Suresh to build the house because Suresh acted on Ravi's declaration and spent money based on that belief.

Example 2:

Priya, a shop owner, tells her supplier, Raj, that she has the authority to order goods on behalf of her company. Raj, trusting Priya, delivers goods worth ₹1,00,000 to her shop. Later, Priya's company tries to deny the payment, claiming that Priya did not have the authority to place the order. Under Section 115, the company is estopped from denying Priya's authority because Raj acted on Priya's declaration and delivered the goods based on that belief.

Example 3:

Anil, a car dealer, tells his customer, Meena, that a particular car is brand new and has never been used. Meena, believing Anil, buys the car. Later, Meena finds out that the car was actually used as a demo car for test drives. Anil cannot deny the fact that he misrepresented the car's condition because Meena acted on his declaration and purchased the car based on that belief.

Example 4:

Sunita, a landlord, tells her tenant, Ramesh, that he can use the adjacent plot of land for gardening. Ramesh, believing Sunita, invests time and money in setting up a garden. Later, Sunita tries to claim that Ramesh has no right to use the plot. Under Section 115, Sunita is estopped from denying Ramesh's right to use the plot because Ramesh acted on her declaration and invested in the garden based on that belief.