Section 91 of IEA : Section 91: Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi and Suresh enter into a written contract where Ravi agrees to sell his house to Suresh for ₹50 lakhs. The contract is detailed in a document signed by both parties. Later, a dispute arises where Suresh claims that Ravi had verbally agreed to include the furniture in the sale. According to Section 91 of The Indian Evidence Act 1872, Suresh cannot provide oral evidence of this verbal agreement because the terms of the contract have been reduced to a written document. Only the written contract will be considered as evidence.

Example 2:

Priya receives a grant from the government for agricultural development. The terms of the grant are documented in an official grant letter. Priya later claims that the government had verbally promised additional funds for equipment. Under Section 91, Priya cannot use oral evidence to prove the additional verbal promise because the terms of the grant are already documented. The official grant letter will be the primary evidence.

Example 3:

Anil and Sunita have a written agreement where Anil agrees to lease his shop to Sunita for a period of 5 years at a monthly rent of ₹20,000. The agreement is documented and signed by both parties. Sunita later claims that Anil had verbally agreed to reduce the rent to ₹15,000 after the first year. According to Sec...

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