Section 62 of IEA : Section 62: Primary evidence.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi and Sita enter into a rental agreement for a property. The agreement is executed in two parts, one part kept by Ravi and the other by Sita. If a dispute arises and the matter goes to court, either Ravi or Sita can produce their respective part of the agreement as primary evidence. Each part is considered primary evidence of the rental agreement.

Example 2:

A company, XYZ Ltd., prints 500 copies of its annual report using the same printing process. If the company needs to present the annual report in court for any reason, any one of the 500 printed copies can be used as primary evidence of the contents of the report. However, if the company had made photocopies of a single original report, those photocopies would not be considered primary evidence of the original report.

Example 3:

A contract is signed between three parties: A, B, and C. The contract is executed in counterparts, meaning A and B sign one counterpart, and B and C sign another. If a dispute arises between A and B, the counterpart signed by A and B can be produced in court as primary evidence against each other. Similarly, the counterpart signed by B and C can be used as primary evidence in a dispute between B and C.

Example 4:

An artist creates a series of lithographs, each one made from the same lithographic stone. If the artist needs to prove the content of one lithograph in court, any of the lithographs made from that stone can be used as primary evidence of the content of the others. However, if the lithographs were copies made from an original drawing, they would not be considered primary evidence of the original drawing.

Example 5:

A bank issues a loan agreement to a borrower, and both the bank and the borrower sign two identical copies of the agreement. If the borrower defaults and the bank takes legal action, either the bank or the borrower can produce their signed copy of the loan agreement as primary evidence in court. Each signed copy is primary evidence of the loan agreement.