Section 195 of CrPC : Section 195: Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of public servants, for offences against public justice and for offences relating to documents given in evidence.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi, a government officer, issues a notice to a local businessman, Arjun, to provide certain documents for an investigation. Arjun, instead of complying, tears up the notice and verbally abuses Ravi. Ravi files a written complaint against Arjun for obstructing a public servant in the discharge of his duties under Section 186 of the Indian Penal Code. According to Section 195(1)(a)(i) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court can only take cognizance of this offence based on Ravi's written complaint.

Example 2:

During a civil court proceeding, Sunita submits a forged property document to support her claim. The opposing party, Ramesh, discovers the forgery and informs the court. The judge decides to file a complaint against Sunita for forgery under Section 471 of the Indian Penal Code. As per Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court can only take cognizance of the offence based on the written complaint of the court itself or an authorized officer of the court.

Example 3:

In a criminal trial, a witness named Priya gives false evidence under oath, which is later proven to be fabricated. The judge, upon realizing this, decides to take action against Priya for giving false evidence under Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code. According to Section 195(1)(b)(i) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court can only take cognizance of this offence based on the written complaint of the court itself or an authorized officer of the court.

Example 4:

A public servant, Inspector Sharma, files a complaint against a person named Vikram for attempting to bribe him to avoid a penalty. The higher authority of Inspector Sharma orders the withdrawal of the complaint before the trial begins. As per Section 195(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court must cease further proceedings on the complaint upon receiving the withdrawal order, provided the trial has not yet concluded.

Example 5:

During a revenue court proceeding, a party submits a document that is later found to be forged. The revenue court decides to file a complaint against the party for forgery under Section 463 of the Indian Penal Code. According to Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court can only take cognizance of the offence based on the written complaint of the revenue court itself or an authorized officer of the court.