Rule 13 of CPC : Rule 13: Presumptions of law.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Scenario: Rajesh files a lawsuit against Suresh for non-payment of a bill of exchange.

Application of Rule 13: Rajesh does not need to allege in his initial pleading that there was consideration (something of value exchanged) for the bill of exchange. The law presumes that there was consideration unless Suresh specifically denies it in his response. If Suresh does not deny the consideration, the court will assume it exists, and Rajesh does not need to provide additional proof of it.

Example 2:

Scenario: Priya sues her tenant, Anil, for unpaid rent under a lease agreement.

Application of Rule 13: Priya does not need to allege in her initial pleading that the lease agreement was valid and legally binding. The law presumes that the lease agreement is valid unless Anil specifically denies its validity in his defense. If Anil does not deny the validity of the lease, the court will assume it is valid, and Priya does not need to provide further evidence to prove its validity.