Rule 3 of CPC : Rule 3: Who may be joined as defendants.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi owns a piece of land in Bangalore. He enters into a contract with a construction company, BuildWell Ltd., to construct a house on his land. BuildWell Ltd. subcontracts the electrical work to SparkElectro Pvt. Ltd. During the construction, a fire breaks out due to faulty electrical wiring, causing significant damage to Ravi's property. Ravi decides to file a lawsuit for damages.

• Defendants: BuildWell Ltd. and SparkElectro Pvt. Ltd.
• Reason for Joining as Defendants: The right to relief (compensation for damages) arises out of the same transaction (construction of the house) and involves both companies. If Ravi were to file separate suits against BuildWell Ltd. and SparkElectro Pvt. Ltd., common questions of fact (cause of the fire) and law (liability for damages) would arise.

Example 2:

Meera purchases a car from AutoWorld Showroom in Mumbai. The car comes with a warranty from the manufacturer, SpeedCars Ltd. Within a month, the car starts showing serious engine problems. Meera takes the car to the showroom for repairs, but the issue persists. Frustrated, Meera decides to file a lawsuit for breach of warranty and seeks a refund or replacement.

• Defendants: AutoWorld Showroom and SpeedCars Ltd.
• Reason for Joining as Defendants: The right to relief (refund or replacement) arises out of the same transaction (purchase of the car) and involves both the showroom and the manufacturer. If Meera were to file separate suits against AutoWorld Showroom and SpeedCars Ltd., common questions of fact (engine problems) and law (breach of warranty) would arise.