Section 101 of BNS : Section 101: Murder.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Rajesh and Suresh have a long-standing feud. One day, Rajesh sees Suresh walking alone in a deserted alley. Rajesh, with the intention of killing Suresh, takes out a knife and stabs him multiple times. Suresh dies on the spot due to the injuries. Here, Rajesh has committed murder under Section 101(a) of The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 because he acted with the intention of causing death.

Example 2:

Anil knows that his neighbor, Ravi, has a severe heart condition. During an argument, Anil punches Ravi hard in the chest, knowing that such a blow is likely to cause Ravi's death due to his heart condition. Ravi dies as a result of the punch. Anil is guilty of murder under Section 101(b) because he intended to cause bodily injury that he knew was likely to cause death.

Example 3:

During a heated argument, Sunil intentionally hits his friend, Manoj, on the head with a heavy iron rod. The injury is severe enough to cause death in the ordinary course of nature, and Manoj dies from the injury. Sunil is guilty of murder under Section 101(c) because he intended to cause bodily injury that was sufficient to cause death.

Example 4:

During a festival, Ramesh, without any excuse, fires a loaded gun into a crowd of people celebrating. One of the bullets hits and kills a person in the crowd. Ramesh is guilty of murder under Section 101(d) because he committed an act that he knew was imminently dangerous and likely to cause death, without any justification.

Example 5:

Vikram finds his wife in a compromising position with another man, leading to a sudden and grave provocation. In a fit of rage, Vikram grabs a nearby vase and hits the man on the head, causing his death. Here, Vikram may not be guilty of murder but of culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Exception 1, as the act was committed under grave and sudden provocation.

Example 6:

During a robbery, a thief named Arjun is caught by a security guard. In an attempt to escape, Arjun pulls out a knife and stabs the guard, who dies from the injuries. Arjun claims he acted in self-defense. However, since the guard was performing his duty and did not provoke Arjun, this act would be considered murder under Section 101, and Exception 1 would not apply.

Example 7:

A police officer, Suraj, in the line of duty, mistakenly shoots a suspect who he believed was about to shoot him. The suspect dies from the gunshot wound. Suraj acted in good faith, believing his actions were necessary for his duty. This may fall under Exception 3, where culpable homicide is not considered murder if a public servant exceeds his powers in good faith.

Example 8:

During a heated argument at a bar, two friends, Amit and Rohit, get into a physical fight. In the heat of the moment, Amit punches Rohit, who falls and hits his head on a table, leading to his death. Since the fight was sudden and without premeditation, Amit may be guilty of culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Exception 4.

Example 9:

A group of friends, all above 18 years of age, decide to engage in a dangerous stunt for a social media challenge. One of them, Karan, dies during the stunt. Since Karan voluntarily participated and took the risk of death, the person who suggested the stunt may not be guilty of murder under Exception 5.

Example 10:

During a protest, a police officer named Raj, in an attempt to disperse the crowd, uses excessive force and accidentally kills a protester. Raj believed his actions were necessary for maintaining public order. This may fall under Exception 3, where culpable homicide is not considered murder if a public servant exceeds his powers in good faith.