Section 23 of IPC : Section 23: "Wrongful gain" or "Wrongful loss" or Gaining wrongfully / Losing wrongfully

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi, a government official, uses his position to manipulate the allocation of government land. He ensures that a plot of land, which was supposed to be allocated to a deserving farmer, is instead allocated to his friend, Suresh, who has no legal entitlement to it. Here, Ravi and Suresh have both gained wrongfully by unlawful means, and the farmer has suffered a wrongful loss as he was legally entitled to the land.

Example 2:

Priya, an employee at a bank, discovers a loophole in the bank's software that allows her to transfer small amounts of money from various customer accounts into her own account without detection. Over time, she accumulates a significant amount of money. Priya has gained wrongfully because she acquired money through unlawful means, and the bank customers have suffered wrongful loss as they were legally entitled to the money in their accounts.

Example 3:

Anil rents out his apartment to Sunil. After the lease period ends, Sunil refuses to vacate the apartment and continues to live there without paying rent. Anil is wrongfully kept out of his property, and Sunil is retaining the property wrongfully. This situation constitutes both wrongful gain for Sunil and wrongful loss for Anil.

Example 4:

Meena, a shop owner, falsely accuses her competitor, Raj, of theft, leading to Raj's shop being shut down by the authorities. During the closure, Meena takes advantage of the situation to attract Raj's customers to her shop. Meena has gained wrongfully by using unlawful means to harm Raj's business, and Raj has suffered a wrongful loss as he was legally entitled to operate his shop and serve his customers.

Example 5:

Vikram, a software developer, hacks into an online payment system and diverts funds meant for a charity organization into his personal account. Vikram has acquired the funds wrongfully, and the charity organization has been wrongfully deprived of the funds they were legally entitled to receive.