Article 12 of CoI : Article 12: Definition.

Explanation using Example

Example 1:

Ravi, a resident of Maharashtra, feels that a new law passed by the Maharashtra State Legislature discriminates against a particular community. He decides to challenge this law in court. According to Article 12 of the Constitution of India, "the State" includes the Government and the Legislature of each of the States. Therefore, Ravi can file a petition against the Maharashtra State Legislature, arguing that the law violates the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution.

Example 2:

An NGO in Delhi discovers that a local municipal corporation is not providing adequate sanitation facilities in a slum area, which they believe is a violation of the residents' right to live with dignity. The NGO decides to take legal action. Under Article 12, "the State" includes all local or other authorities within the territory of India. Hence, the NGO can file a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against the municipal corporation, asserting that the lack of sanitation facilities infringes on the fundamental rights of the slum residents.